{"id":893,"date":"2022-11-11T11:35:49","date_gmt":"2022-11-11T09:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/?p=893"},"modified":"2022-11-11T11:38:25","modified_gmt":"2022-11-11T09:38:25","slug":"laicki-opati","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/?p=893","title":{"rendered":"Laick\u00ed op\u00e1ti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Obl\u00e1t: Miroslav Jozefiak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laick\u00fd op\u00e1t (abbas laicus, abbas miles), meno pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na ozna\u010denie laika, ktor\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013e alebo niekto z autor\u00edt udelil op\u00e1tstvo ako odmenu za poskytnut\u00e9 slu\u017eby mal na starosti majetok, ktor\u00fd k nemu patr\u00ed, a mal n\u00e1rok na \u010das\u0165 pr\u00edjmu. Tento zhubn\u00fd zvyk mal zl\u00fd vplyv na \u017eivot kl\u00e1\u0161tora.
Existoval hlavne vo Franskej r\u00ed\u0161i od \u00f4smeho storo\u010dia a\u017e do cirkevn\u00fdch reforiem v jeden\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Karol Martel bol prv\u00fd, kto udelil rozsiahly cirkevn\u00fd majetok laikom, politick\u00fdm priate\u013eom a bojovn\u00edkom, ktor\u00ed mu pom\u00e1hali v jeho \u0165a\u017eeniach. V skor\u0161om obdob\u00ed franc\u00fazski Merovejovci darovali cirkevn\u00e9 pozemky laikom alebo im aspo\u0148 umo\u017enili ich vlastn\u00edctvo a u\u017e\u00edvanie, hoci nie vlastn\u00edctvo. Po\u010detn\u00e9 synody, ktor\u00e9 sa konali vo Franc\u00fazsku v \u0161iestom a siedmom storo\u010d\u00ed, prijali dekr\u00e9ty proti tomuto zneu\u017e\u00edvaniu cirkevn\u00e9ho majetku. Franc\u00fazski kr\u00e1li mali tie\u017e vo zvyku dosadzova\u0165 op\u00e1tov do kl\u00e1\u0161torov, ktor\u00e9 zalo\u017eili; okrem toho mnoh\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tory, hoci ich nezalo\u017eil kr\u00e1\u013e, sa pod kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fdm patron\u00e1tom podie\u013eali na jeho ochrane, a tak sa stali majetkom koruny. Tento zvyk merovejovsk\u00fdch panovn\u00edkov naklada\u0165 s cirkevn\u00fdm majetkom v jednotliv\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch, ako aj menova\u0165 op\u00e1tov do kl\u00e1\u0161torov, ktor\u00e9 zalo\u017eili alebo im patria, pova\u017eovali franc\u00fazski kr\u00e1li za precedens pre odme\u0148ovanie laikov op\u00e1tstvami alebo ich pride\u013eovanie biskupom. Za Karola Martela bola Cirkev t\u00fdmto zneu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm zna\u010dne po\u0161koden\u00e1, a to nielen v jej majetku, ale aj v jej n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom \u017eivote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sv\u00e4t\u00fd Bonif\u00e1c a nesk\u00f4r Hincmar z Reme\u0161a zobrazuj\u00fa n\u00e1sledn\u00fd p\u00e1d cirkevnej discipl\u00edny nanajv\u00fd\u0161 pochm\u00farne, a hoci sa sv\u00e4t\u00fd Bonif\u00e1c horlivo a dokonca \u00faspe\u0161ne sna\u017eil reformova\u0165 fransk\u00fa cirkev, ude\u013eovanie op\u00e1tstiev svetsk\u00fdm op\u00e1tom nebolo \u00faplne zru\u0161en\u00e9. Za Pepina bolo mn\u00edchom dovolen\u00e9, ak by sa ich op\u00e1tstvo dostalo do svetsk\u00fdch r\u00fak, prejs\u0165 do inej komunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karol Ve\u013ek\u00fd tie\u017e \u010dasto d\u00e1val cirkevn\u00fd majetok a niekedy aj op\u00e1tstva vo feud\u00e1lnej dr\u017ebe. Je pravda, \u017ee \u013dudov\u00edt Pobo\u017en\u00fd pom\u00e1hal sv\u00e4t\u00e9mu Benediktovi z Aniane v jeho \u00fasil\u00ed reformova\u0165 mn\u00ed\u0161sky \u017eivot.
Aby sa to dosiahlo, bolo potrebn\u00e9 obnovi\u0165 slobodn\u00fa vo\u013ebu op\u00e1tov a tie\u017e menovanie bez\u00fahonn\u00fdch mn\u00edchov za hlavy kl\u00e1\u0161torov. Hoci cis\u00e1r \u013dudov\u00edt zdie\u013eal tieto z\u00e1sady, pokra\u010doval v ude\u013eovan\u00ed op\u00e1tstiev laikom a jeho synovia ho napodob\u0148ovali.
V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 op\u00e1tstvo St. Riquier (Centula) v Pikardii malo svetsk\u00fdch op\u00e1tov z \u010dias Karola Ve\u013ek\u00e9ho, ktor\u00ed ho darovali jeho priate\u013eovi Angilbertovi, b\u00e1snikovi a milencovi jeho dc\u00e9ry Berty a otcovi jej dvoch synov (pozri Angilbert, Sv\u00e4t\u00fd). Po Angilbertovej smrti v roku 814 bolo op\u00e1tstvo odovzdan\u00e9 in\u00fdm laikom. Pod tak\u00fdmito vplyvmi musela Cirkev trpie\u0165; op\u00e1tstva boli \u010dasto dejiskom svetskosti a radov\u00e1nky.
R\u00f4zne synody deviateho storo\u010dia prij\u00edmali dekr\u00e9ty proti tomuto zvyku; synoda v Diedenhofene (okt\u00f3ber 844) vo svojom tre\u0165om k\u00e1none rozhodla, \u017ee op\u00e1tstva u\u017e nemaj\u00fa zosta\u0165 v moci laikov, ale \u017ee ich op\u00e1tmi maj\u00fa by\u0165 mn\u00edsi.
Podobne sa synody v Meaux a Par\u00ed\u017ei (845-846) s\u0165a\u017eovali, \u017ee kl\u00e1\u0161tory v dr\u017ebe laikov upadli, a zd\u00f4raz\u0148ovali kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00fa povinnos\u0165 v tomto smere.
Ale op\u00e1tstva boli na\u010falej ude\u013eovan\u00e9 laikom najm\u00e4 vo Franc\u00fazsku a Lotrinsku, napr. St. Evre pri Toule, za vl\u00e1dy Lothaira I. Lothaire II. ho v\u0161ak v roku 858 obnovil pod cirkevn\u00fa kontrolu, no ten ist\u00fd kr\u00e1\u013e dal Bonmoutiera laikovi; a op\u00e1tstva St. Germain a St. Martin v Toulskej diec\u00e9ze dostali tie\u017e svetsk\u00ed op\u00e1ti. V diec\u00e9ze Metz bolo op\u00e1tstvo Gorze dlho v ruk\u00e1ch laikov a pod nimi ch\u00e1tralo. Stavelot a Malm\u00e9dy v diec\u00e9ze Liege boli v jeden\u00e1stom storo\u010d\u00ed darovan\u00e9 ist\u00e9mu gr\u00f3fovi Raginariusovi, ako aj sv. Maximin pri Trev\u00edri gr\u00f3fovi Adalhardovi, V roku 888 synoda v Mainzi rozhodla (k\u00e1n. xxv), aby svetsk\u00ed op\u00e1ti umiest\u0148ovali nad svoje kl\u00e1\u0161tory schopn\u00fdch prepo\u0161tov a provizora. Rady v\u0161ak nedok\u00e1zali ukon\u010di\u0165 zlo. Na synode, ktor\u00e1 sa konala v Trosly, v diec\u00e9ze Soissons, v roku 909, boli podan\u00e9 ostr\u00e9 s\u0165a\u017enosti (kapitola iii) na \u017eivot mn\u00edchov. Mnoh\u00e9 kl\u00e1\u0161tory, ako sa hovorilo, riadili laici, ktor\u00fdch man\u017eelky a deti, vojaci a psy boli ubytovan\u00e9 v reho\u013en\u00fdch priestoroch. Na zlep\u0161enie t\u00fdchto pomerov bolo potrebn\u00e9, vyhl\u00e1sila synoda, obnovi\u0165 riadnych op\u00e1tov a abaty\u0161\u00ed; z\u00e1rove\u0148 cirkevn\u00ed kanonici a kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00ed kapitul\u00e1ri vyhl\u00e1sili laikov \u00faplne zbaven\u00fdch pr\u00e1vomoc\u00ed v cirkevn\u00fdch z\u00e1le\u017eitostiach.
Laick\u00ed op\u00e1ti existovali v desiatom storo\u010d\u00ed, aj v jeden\u00e1stom. Gosfred, vojvoda z Akvit\u00e1nie, bol op\u00e1tom kl\u00e1\u0161tora sv. Hil\u00e1ria v Poitiers a ako tak\u00fd publikoval dekr\u00e9ty vydan\u00e9 (1078) na synode v Poitiers.
Cirkev bola osloboden\u00e1 od sekul\u00e1rnej nadvl\u00e1dy iba prostredn\u00edctvom takzvan\u00e9ho konfliktu investit\u00far. Reforma n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho a cirkevn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, ktor\u00fa priniesla p\u00e1pe\u017esk\u00e1 stolica, ukon\u010dila ude\u013eovanie op\u00e1tstiev laikom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preklad z anglick\u00e9ho origin\u00e1lu: Lay abbot uverejnen\u00fd na<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.catholic.com\/lay-abbot<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(09.11.2022)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Obl\u00e1t: Miroslav Jozefiak Laick\u00fd op\u00e1t (abbas laicus, abbas miles), meno pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na ozna\u010denie laika, ktor\u00e9mu kr\u00e1\u013e alebo niekto z autor\u00edt udelil op\u00e1tstvo ako odmenu za poskytnut\u00e9 slu\u017eby mal na starosti majetok, ktor\u00fd k nemu patr\u00ed, a mal n\u00e1rok na \u010das\u0165 pr\u00edjmu. Tento zhubn\u00fd zvyk mal zl\u00fd vplyv na \u017eivot kl\u00e1\u0161tora.Existoval hlavne vo Franskej r\u00ed\u0161i od […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktuality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=893"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":896,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/893\/revisions\/896"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=893"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oblati.benediktini.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}